Compare And Contrast Rat And Human

Respiratory system:

Rat:

the first thing we did was find the rats trachea located under the breast bone. The trachea's job is to protect and maintain the airways. Then we found the muscular diaphragm that seperates the abdomen from the thorax. It allows the rat to breathe. It's really muscular because rats breathe very quickly. 

 How Is The Rat And Human Respiratory System Alike?

Well they both use their respiratory systems to breath in oxygen and exhale CO2.
We also have the same parts as the rat respiratory system like lungs to use O2 and get rid of CO2, a nose also known as ''nares'',Trachea, Bronchi, Pharynx and Larync These are all what the rat has as well.
Differences:

The Human and rat respiratory systems are very alike so alike that their only differences are that the rat respiratory system is a little smaller in size. 

Digestive System 

This is the small and large intestine. The small intestine absorbs and digests food. The large intestine absorbs access water, electrolights and undigested food particle

 This is the small and large intestine. The small intestine absorbs and digests food. The large intestine absorbs access water, electrolights and undigested food particles.This is the small and large intestine. The small intestine absorbs and digests food. The large intestine absorbs access water, electrolights and undigested food particle

Differences: The rat does not have a gall bladder like we do instead they use their Bile ducts in their liver, their liver is very large because of all the tasks it has to do. Thats why when dissecting a rat it could be mistaken for the stomach.
Similarities: Rats and humans are both onmoviores which means they eat meat and vegitation. Rats and us are very similar.

Compare And Contrast Rat And Fish Disection

                                                   
 Reproductive System
Rats:

The Male reproductive system has of a pair of testis that are enclosed in scrotal sacs, then a pair of vasdefferens , a seminal vesicle, and penis. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of fallopian tubes, a uterus, and a vagina. (or birth canal). Fertilization and development  are internal.
Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube. The zygote undergoes an initial development and then reaches the limb (uterus). The attachment of the embryo to the uterine wall is called implantation. The entire duration of development inside the uterus, is called gestation period. After completing development, the rat is born.




Fish:
 The two main organs in fish that are involved in the reproductive process are testes and ovaries. The general reproductive method for most fish involves the release of the unfertilized eggs from the female’s body, which usually then settle on the bottom of the water. Then, the male fish is able to pass by and fertilize the eggs when they are outside of the female’s body. The eggs reach maturity after they are fertilized.

The Fish and rat both Reproduce sexually, except fertilization happens inside the rat compared to outside the fish.  


Muscular System
Rat:
  During the evolution from fish to tetrapod mammals, lots of changes happened in the muscular system.  Some of these
some changes are correlated with changes in the mode of support and locomotion that occurred with the move from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment.  Still other changes parallel changes in the mode of respiration, and the development of a moveable tongue.  Most of the axial musculature of tetrapod mammals has lost its segmentation.  The dorsal musculature moves and supports the vertebral column and head while most of the ventral musculature has differentiated into thin broad layers of muscle.  These layers support the thoracic and abdominal walls and are important in breathing movements.  Some ventral muscles of tetrapods function to transfer body weight to the pectoral girdle and appendages. 
fish:The biggest portion of the body of most fishes consists of muscles. Most of the weight is trunk musculature, the fin muscles are relatively small. The caudal fin is usually the most powerful fin, with the largest amount of direct musculature. Its musculature a structural and functional continuation of the main musculature of the body. The body musculature is usually arranged in two rows of chevron-shaped segments on each side. Contractions of these segments, each of them bend the body on the vertebral joint, producing successive undulations of the body, passing from the head to the tail, and causing driving strokes of the tail. It is the latter that provides the strong forward movement for most fishes.


Digestive System:
Rat: The Digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and associated structures.
The buccal cavity contains teeth, which are of three different types : incisors, premolars and molars. Canines are absent. The long self sharpening chisel shaped incisors grow throughout the life of a rat.
Salivary glands in the buccal cavity, gastric glands in the stomach, intestinal glands in the small intestine, liver and pancreas situated outside the alimentary canal, are the associated structures. Liver is not only the largest gland in the body, but is also a versatile gland involved in a large number and variety of functions. Pancreas serves both as an exocrine and an endocrine gland. As an exocrine gland it produces digestive juices and as an endocrine gland it produces the hormone insulin.


Fish: They have an esophagus, and areas for the absorption of food components (fore and midgut) and compaction of indigestible waste material (hindgut). In adaptation to diet, the major differences are seen in the structure of the mouth and the teeth, the gill rakers, the pharynx, the stomach and the length of the intestine . In carnivorous diet there is a definite stomach (foregut) but  herbivorous or plant-orientated omnivores have no stomach but rely on a much extended midgut area.

Compare and Contrast ( Earthworm and Crayfish)

     Movement
                                                                               
Earthworm :
 Earthworms move with their sete                   
which are tiny feet like things that help them to move.  
the earthworm has a hydro static skeleton meaning it   
absoultly needs moisture.
Crayfish: The crayfish have an external skeleton.
To move around they use their swimmeretes and tail called the
telson to move.

Reprouduction:
Earthworm: Earthworms are hermaphrodites meaning
they are both male and female, they can mate with eachother, but not themselves.
Crayfish: crayfish reprouduce sexually, the male attaches a sperm pack on the underside of the females belly, she then curls up her tail and attaches the eggs to her swimmeretes.

Habitat:
Earthworm: they live in the soil, and are commonly found in gardens
because of the nutrients. They prouduce mucus to breath through their skin and transfer sperm.
Crayfish: Crayfish are found in fresh water, salt water, and ponds.
They hide from predators in grass and mud. They breath by extracting o2 from water using their gills
,gills provide a large surface between blood and water so o2 can diffuse from water into blood well.


Nervous System:
Earthworm:
The earthworms brain is connected to the vertral nerve cord which runs down its body, at each segment segmental ganglionnbranch from vertral nerve cord which connects every segment to the earthworm.
Crayfish: Crayfish nervous system is made up of a ganglion connected by a circumoral commissures with the post -oesophageal ganglia. these together constitute the brain. from the brain backwards streches the ganglionated cord.

Arbacias Embryology

Yesterday I went to the Microscope station with the embryo slides. I looked at Arbacias which is also known as a sea urchin. I looked in a book to identify and match the slide to the similar picture in the book. I found out that it was in stage four of development. The cells were arranged in groups of speckles. I learnt that each of the cells were dividing.

Learning Blog: Identifying Worms

Today we grouped five different worms into the phylum and class in which they belong.
there was the human book worm,earthworm,roundworm,tapeworm,and amphioxus. I learnt that they all belong to different phylum's.

Worm	Phylum	Class	Characteristics
Hookworm	Nemathelminthes	Acanthocephala	Brown, long, thin, stringy
Earthworm	Annelida	Clitellata	pink, round, lots of lines
Roundworm	Nematoda	Echinoidea	thin, white, looks like tapeworm
Tapeworm	Platyhelminthes	Cestoda	resembles tape, white, flat
Amphioxus	Cephalochordata	Branchiostoma	short, pink/brown, tail like

Amphioxus are a little different than the other worms because The characteristics of Cephalochorda are that they are marine animals, segmented, and they elongated bodies with a notochoord that extends the length of the body and cirri surrounding the mouth for collecting food.
  Some other animals that belong to the phylum Cephalochorda are animals such as tiny fish.

Learning Blog : Animals

   Today I learnt about stem cells and that when cells are Pluripotent it means that the cells can form and become anything, also that all humans have stem cells, but they are a little different compared to animals. and lastly I learnt that Embryonic stem cells are derived from the embryo in the early stages of development.    

This is the development of the Monarch butterfly, also known as Danaus Plexipus. It goes through metamorphosis, starting out as larvae feeding off of milkweed, and then it goes into the cocoon stage with a hard case like shell to protect it during development. And lastly the cocoon known as the chrysalis breaks open and out comes the adult butterfly.

 

I learnt about identifying the development, phylum, and descriptions of animals and insects that were preserved in the Phyla blocks.

I grouped the animals and insects into certain groups for example:

-sea star

-sand dollar

-sea cucumber

-sea urchin

-brittle star

These are all grouped into a group called "Echinoderm Comparison"

All of the above belonged to the phylum Echinodermata, were symmetric and live in water.

I also leart how frogs go through Metamorphosis    starting out as a egg---tadpole---2 leg---4 leg--adult, and that they belong to the phylum chordata.

Animal Characteristics

     All animals are highly specialized, and go through distinct development, either Metamorphosis or gradual development. They reproduce sexually with Oogamy (distinct egg and sperm).Their organ systems are made up of organs which are made out of different tissues made up of tiny cells. There are two ways to classify animals; they're either vertebrates or invertebrates. Vertebrates have backbones and one phylum, invertebrates don’t have a backbone but have many different phylum. All animals are heterotroph which means they must ingest other organisms or living things.